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    经伤椎单节段固定术与跨伤椎短节段固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折的效果比较

    时间:2021-02-03 18:16:59 来源:达达文档网 本文已影响 达达文档网手机站

    崔利宾 袁鑫 鲁世保 陈学明 张衍军

    [摘要] 目的 比較经伤椎单节段固定术与跨伤椎短节段固定术在胸腰段骨折治疗中的效果。

    方法 选取2017年4月—2019年3月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院手术治疗的60例连续的具备经伤椎单节段固定条件的胸腰段骨折患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为试验组与对照组,每组30例。试验组接受经伤椎单节段固定术,对照组接受跨伤椎短节段固定术,分别于术后3 d开始进行至少12个月的随访,随访指标包括患者疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分、Oswestry评分、伤椎椎体压缩率、矢状面Cobb角,比较两种手术的临床疗效和矫正度保持方面。

    结果 随访结束后试验组有28例,对照组有25例。末次随访时,试验组和对照组椎体压缩率、矢状面Cobb角与术前比较明显降低(P < 0.05),且试验组明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。试验组和对照组术前、末次随访时的VAS评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。与术前比较,两组末次随访VAS评分及ODI评分均降低(P < 0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。试验组手术时间明显短于对照组(P < 0.05),两组术中出血量和平均住院日比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组均未出现伤口感染,迟发神经功能损害等严重并发症。试验组无螺钉及钛棒弯曲断裂,有2例出现螺钉松动。对照组有1例出现螺钉断裂,3例出现螺钉松动。

    结论 经伤椎单节段固定术及跨伤椎短节段固定术在治疗AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折时均可使椎体高度和矢状面Cobb角得到满意恢复。经伤椎单节段固定术在治疗AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折时在术后畸形矫正、保持及手术时间方面优于跨伤椎短节段固定术。

    [关键词] 胸腰椎骨折;伤椎;单节段固定;短节段固定

    [中图分类号] R683.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0092-05

    Comparison of the effect of single-segment fixation with trans-injured vertebrae and short-segment fixation with trans-injured vertebrae

    CUI Libin1*   YUAN Xin1*   LU Shibao2   CHEN Xueming1   ZHANG Yanjun1

    1.Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing   101149, China; 2.Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing   100053, China

    [Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of monosegmental transvertebral fixation and short segment fixation for thoracolumbar fracture. Methods From April 2017 to April 2019, 60 consecutive patients with thoracolumbar fracture treated by operation in Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into experimental group and control group according to the random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. Experimental group accepted the injured vertebral single segmental fixation, the control group accepted across vertebral short segmental fixation, respectively in postoperative three days to begin for at least 12 months of follow-up, patients with follow-up indicators including visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index scores (ODI), injury spinal vertebral compression rate, sagittal Cobb Angle, the surgery postoperative clinical curative effect and correct degree of the two operations were compared. Results At the end of follow-up, there were 28 cases in the experimental group and 25 cases in the control group. At the last follow-up, the vertebral compression rate and the sagittal Cobb angle of the two groups were significantly lower than those before operation (P < 0.05), and the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with before operation, the VAS scores and ODI scores in the last follow-up of both groups were reduced (P < 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The operation time of the experimental group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of intraoperative blood loss and average length of stay (P > 0.05). There were no serious complications such as wound infection, delayed nerve function damage in both groups. In the experimental group, there was no screw or titanium rod bending fracture, and screw loosening occurred in two cases. In the control group, screw fracture occurred in one case and screw loosening occurred in three cases. Conclusion Satisfactory vertebral height, sagittal Cobb angle and function are achieved by both monosegmental transvertebral and short segment fixation in treating A1 and A3.1 thoracolumbar fractures. Monosegmental transvertebral fixation is superior to short segment fixation in A1 and A3.1 thoracolumbar fractures in correction of deformity, maintenance and operating time.

    生物力學研究显示,伤椎内增加的螺钉能有效抵消悬挂效应及四边形效应的作用,相对于跨伤椎短节段固定经伤椎短节段固定对恢复伤椎形态更有优势[3]。临床应用过程中也发现,相对于跨伤椎的短节段固定术,经伤椎的短节段固定术导致内固定失败,再发后凸畸形的概率均较低[2]。但两种术式均牺牲了2个运动节段,有增加邻近节段的应力导致邻近节段病变的风险。因此,近年来已有学者尝试使用经伤椎单节段固定术治疗脊柱胸腰段骨折,通过短期观察证实了其良好的临床疗效[10-11]。有学者在小牛标本上模拟经伤椎单节段固定及跨伤椎短节段固定治疗胸腰椎骨折,证实两种手术方式均能够成功的重建脊柱稳定性[12],提示在生物力学角度两者治疗胸腰段骨折均是可行的。经伤椎内固定能更好的分散内固定承载应力,大大减少了螺钉松动及断裂的概率,更好地维持骨折复位,减少伤椎高度的丢失[13-14]。本研究中28例接受经伤椎单节段固定的患者在椎体压缩率和矢状面Cobb角均较术前有明显改善。至末次随访时VAS评分及ODI评分等疗效指标满意,手术时间明显缩短,无螺钉断裂现象,有2例螺钉松动,矫正度仅出现了轻度的丢失,得出了与以往研究[15-22]相似的结论。

    胸腰段骨折目前尚无统一的手术指征,Benson等[23]认为:骨折致椎管狭窄>50%,椎体高度下降超过50%,脊柱后凸畸形超过20°时应行手术治疗。Tezer等[24]研究结果显示:胸腰段脊柱骨折时,MRI提示脊柱后方韧带复合体存在损伤,应行手术治疗。经伤椎单节段固定术的适用范围更为狭小,Wawro等[25]认为AO分型中除非椎弓根受损或椎体完全爆裂,否则均适用于经伤椎单节段固定,Finkelstein等[14]和Mahar等[3],则认为该项技术主要适用于屈曲-牵拉型且不伴前柱损伤的骨折。本研究结果提示, 经伤椎单节段固定需要伤椎符合下列条件:①单椎体损伤;②椎体前缘高度降低≤2/3;③伤椎后方韧带复合体无明显损伤,双侧椎弓根完整;④椎体一侧终板完好;⑤AO分型为A1或者A3.1型骨折;⑥McCormack载荷评分法评分为4~6分。

    本研究证实,经伤椎单节段固定术在畸形矫正方面优于跨伤椎短节段固定术,虽然两组随着随访时间的延长均出现不同程度的复位丢失,但前者仍然优于后者。本研究仍有局限性,病例数较少,随访时间较短,存在一定程度的失随访情况。因此经伤椎单节段固定术的长期疗效仍需要大样本随机对照研究以及长时间随访来证实。总之,对于AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折,经伤椎单节段固定术和跨伤椎短节段固定术均能使骨折良好复位并获得满意的临床疗效。但经伤椎单节段固定术更具优势,值得在临床应用中推广。

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    (收稿日期:2020-04-20)

    相关热词搜索: 固定 腰椎 骨折

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