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    抗菌药物分类及科抗生素预防用药原则

    时间:2020-09-12 08:21:28 来源:达达文档网 本文已影响 达达文档网手机站

     

     抗菌药物分类及外科抗生素预防用药原则抗 菌 药 物 分 类

     1、青霉素类:青霉素(钠、钾盐),青霉素V,阿莫西林(羟氨苄青霉素),氨苄西林(氨苄青霉素),苯唑西林(苯唑青霉素),氯唑青霉素钠(邻氯青霉素),普鲁卡因青霉素,苄星青霉素,哌拉西林(氧哌嗪青霉素),美洛西林,替卡西林(羟噻吩青霉素),阿洛西林,美西林(氮卓脒青霉素),羧苄西林,磺苄西林钠,呋布西林钠,萘夫西林,双氯西林,匹氨西林,阿帕西林,阿扑西林,匹美西林,甲氧西林,仑氨西林,福米西林,氟氯西林

     青霉素类复方制剂:阿莫西林/氟氯西林,阿莫西林/双氯西林,氨苄西林/氯唑西林

     青霉素+酶抑制剂:氨苄西林/舒巴坦(舒他西林),阿莫西林/克拉维酸,替卡西林/克拉维酸,阿莫西林/舒巴坦,美洛西林/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,哌拉西林/舒巴坦

     2、一代头孢菌素类:头孢氨苄(苯甘孢霉菌素,先锋霉素IV),头孢唑林钠(先锋霉素V),头孢羟氨苄,头孢拉定(头孢环己烯,先锋霉素Ⅵ),头孢噻吩,头孢噻啶,头孢硫脒,头孢乙氰(头孢乙腈),头孢替唑,头孢匹林(头孢吡硫)

     3、二代头孢菌素类:头孢呋辛钠(头孢呋肟),头孢呋辛酯(新菌灵),头孢克洛(头孢氯氨苄),头孢孟多(头孢羟唑),头孢替安,头孢丙烯,头孢雷特,头孢尼西,

     4、三代头孢菌素类:头孢噻肟(头孢氨噻肟),头孢曲松(头孢三嗪),头孢哌酮(头孢氧哌唑,先锋必),头孢他啶(头孢噻甲羧肟,复达欣),头孢克肟(世伏素),头孢泊肟,头孢甲肟,头孢地秦,头孢磺啶(头孢磺吡苄),头孢唑喃,头孢唑肟,头孢咪唑,头孢他美脂,头孢特伦酯,头孢布坦,头孢地尼,头孢匹胺

     5、第四代头孢菌素类:头孢吡肟(马斯平),头孢克定(头孢立定),头孢匹罗(派新)

     6、头孢菌素类+酶抑制剂:头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢噻肟/舒巴坦,头孢曲松/舒巴坦

     7、碳青霉烯类:硫霉素,亚胺培南/西拉司丁钠(亚胺硫霉素/西拉司丁钠),美罗培南,帕尼培南

     8、其他β-内酰胺类:拉氧头孢,氟氧头孢,头孢米诺,头孢西丁(噻吩甲氧头孢菌素,甲氧头霉噻吩),头孢美唑(先锋美他醇),头孢拉宗,头孢替坦,氨曲南

     9、β-内酰胺酶抑制剂:舒巴坦(舒巴克坦,青霉烷砜钠),舒他西林克拉维酸钾(棒酸钾),三唑巴坦,他唑巴坦

     10、氨基糖苷类:链霉素,卡那霉素,阿米卡星(丁胺卡那霉素),核糖霉素(威他霉素),妥布霉素,庆大霉素,西索米星(西索霉素,西梭霉素,西索霉素),奈替米星(乙基西梭霉素,奈替霉素),小诺米星(小诺霉素,沙加霉素,相模霉素),异帕米星,阿司米星(阿司霉素,福提霉素,武夷霉素,强壮霉素),依替米星,大观霉素(壮观霉素,淋心治),地贝卡星,巴龙霉素,新霉素

     11、四环素类:四环素,土霉素,多西环素,米诺环素,金霉素,胍甲环素(胍哌四环素),地美环素(去甲金霉素),美他环素(佐本能)

     12、大环内酯类:红霉素,琥乙红霉素,罗红霉素,克拉霉素(甲红霉素),阿奇霉素,泰利霉素,地红霉素,吉他霉素(柱晶白霉素),乙酰吉他霉素,麦迪霉素,乙酰麦迪霉素(美欧卡霉素,醋酸麦迪霉素),交沙霉素,麦白霉素,罗他霉素,螺旋霉素,乙酰螺旋霉素,竹桃霉素,依托红霉素,氟红霉素

     13、糖肽类:万古霉素,去甲万古霉素,替考拉宁

     14、磺胺类:磺胺嘧啶,复方新诺明,磺胺甲恶唑(磺胺甲基异恶唑,新诺明,SMZ),柳氮磺吡啶(水杨酰偶氮磺胺砒啶),磺胺米隆(甲磺灭脓),磺胺嘧啶银,磺胺二甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲异嘧啶,磺胺异恶唑,磺胺苯吡唑(制菌磺SMM。DS-36),磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(消炎磺,SMD),磺胺多辛(磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶,周效磺胺,SDM),磺胺脒,酞磺醋胺(息拉米,PSA),琥磺胺噻唑,磺胺醋酰钠(磺胺乙酰,SA,SC/NA ),磺胺嘧啶锌,磺胺林(磺胺甲氧吡嗪),甲氧苄啶(甲氧苄氨嘧啶)

     15、喹诺酮类:吡哌酸,诺氟沙星(氟哌酸),氧氟沙星(氟嗪酸),左氧氟沙星(可乐必妥,利复星),环丙沙星,依诺沙星(氟啶酸),洛美沙星,培氟沙星,芦氟沙星,司氟沙星,萘啶酸,氟罗沙星,莫昔沙星,格帕沙星,曲伐沙星,淋沙星,吉米沙星,加替沙星,妥舒沙星,帕珠沙星,司帕沙星

     16、硝咪唑类:甲硝唑,替硝唑,奥硝唑

     17、林可霉素类:林可霉素,克林霉素

     18、磷霉素类:磷霉素

     19、酰胺醇类:氯霉素,甲砜霉素

     20、其他类:利奈唑胺,多粘霉素B,粘菌素(多粘菌素E),新生霉素,杆菌肽,夫西地酸钠(褐霉酸钠梭链孢酸钠)说明:上述分类中未涉及的抗菌药物请根据药物说明书归入相应类别,如不属于前19类,则归入其它类。含植物成分的抗菌药、抗结核病药、抗麻风病药、抗真菌药、抗病毒药、抗寄生虫药在此表中不列为抗菌药。?

     外科抗生素预防用药原则抗生素必须予切开前30~60分钟给予,若手术延时,需重复给药保持有效血药浓度。术前单剂给药对大多数手术已足够,但在某些情况需维持24小时抗生素(例如污染病例、长时间手术及膺复体种植) 手术性质 可能病原体  建议使用的药物(成人剂量) 给药时间 Ⅰ.清洁 ? ? ? A.心胸血管手术,整形外科手术,神经外科手术 金黄色葡萄球菌1

     凝固酶阴性

     葡萄球菌,革兰阴性杆菌,

     假单胞菌 头孢唑啉(1.0gIV)

     万古霉素1(1.0gIV) 诱导麻醉时  B.眼科手术 ? 庆大霉素或新霉素-短杆菌肽-多黏菌素B滴眼液;前24小时内多药联合间隔使用 ? Ⅱ.清洁-污染 A.头颈手术(可能进入食道)

     B.腹部手术:胆囊切除术及高危胃十二指肠或胆囊

     C.腹部手术:阑尾切除术

     D.结肠直肠炎:除抗生素治疗外推荐使用术前冲洗

     1.口服抗生素预防

     2.肠道外抗生素预防

     E.妇科手术过程

     1.经阴道或经腹子宫切除术及高危剖腹产(分娩或仅有胎膜破裂)

     ? 2.高危流产,妊娠前三个月 金黄色葡萄球菌和口腔厌氧菌

     对于未经冲洗或口服预防的病人应在24小时内肠外使用抗生素,其抗菌谱应包括肠内需氧生物如大肠杆菌,克雷白菌,和肠内厌氧生物如脆弱类杆菌,产孢子梭状芽孢杆菌,梭杆菌,和奋森杆菌

     ? 头孢唑啉(1~2g,IV)或克林霉素(600mg,IV)±庆大霉素(1.5mg/kgIV)

     头孢唑啉(1.0gTV)

     头孢西丁或头孢替坦(1.0gIV)

     Go-LYTELY:一种聚乙二醇电解液(4L)

     红霉素硬脂酸墁盐(1.0gPO)或甲硝唑(500mgPO)+新霉素(1.0g PO)

     头孢替坦(1g每12小时两次)

     头孢唑肟(1g每12小时两次)

     头孢西丁(1g每4~8小时三次)

     头孢唑啉(1.0gIV)

     青霉素G(200万单位IV)或多西环素(300mgPO) 诱导麻醉时

     诱导麻醉时

     诱导麻醉时

     手术前一天

     术前一天的13点、14点和23点钟

     诱导麻醉时或postcord clamp

     ? 手术性质 可能病原体  建议使用的药物(成人剂量) 给药时间  3.高危流产,妊娠中三个月 ? 头孢唑啉(1gIV) ? F.泌尿外科手术 ? 预防给予抗生素未见降低伤口感染发生率。菌尿是最常见的术后并发症;仅对出现尿路感染症状的病人给予针对特殊相关致病菌的抗生素。 ? Ⅲ.创伤-污染伤口 ? ? ? A.四肢 抗生素抗菌谱涵盖A型链球菌、葡萄球菌和梭状芽孢杆菌spp。 头孢唑啉(1g每8小时IV) 万古霉素(1g每12小时IV) ? B.内脏:腹部/肠破裂性损伤  ? 头孢双硫唑甲氧(1g每12小时)

     或头孢噻肟(1g每12小时)或头孢甲氧霉素(1g每6小时)

      或克林霉素(600mgIV每8小时)+庆大霉素(1.5mg/KgIV每8小时)2 连续不超过5天 ? C.咬伤(猫和人) 皮肤或口腔丛中的需氧和厌氧菌。动物咬伤感染有可能由对青霉素敏感的出血性败血性巴氏杆菌引起。 阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐750/125mg连续5天每天两次或多西环素100mgPO连续5天每天两次 ? 1建议用于耐甲氧西林的金葡菌感染高发的医院或对-β内酰胺类抗生素过敏反应严重的病例。

     2用于严重-β内酰胺类过敏。

     缩写:IV,静脉给药;PO,口服给药。

     

     the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

     the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

     the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

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