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    空气污染物暴露对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响

    时间:2021-02-03 20:02:15 来源:达达文档网 本文已影响 达达文档网手机站

    周芳 崔玉霞 刘烨 陈恒 周浩

    [摘要] 目的 了解空氣污染物暴露对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响。

    方法 收集贵州省人民医院2009年1月—2016年12月儿科常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿临床资料及贵阳市各环境监测点空气污染物监测数据,包括:PM2.5、PM10、一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化硫(SO2)浓度。应用典型相关分析方法分析空气污染物对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响。

    结果 共10 876例呼吸系统疾病住院患儿纳入研究,其中诊断以支气管肺炎为主(76.31%),平均住院(9.56±6.05)d。大气污染物与支气管肺炎相关系数最高(r = 0.33,P < 0.001),其次为支气管炎(r = 0.21,P < 0.001)和急性扁桃体炎(r = 0.20,P < 0.001)。PM10是影响儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的主要空气污染物成分,住院前1 d空气污染对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数影响最大。

    结论 环境空气污染物可影响儿童常见呼吸系统疾病的住院患儿数,其中对支气管肺炎的住院患儿数影响最大。PM10是影响儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数最常见的污染物,最大影响效应为住院前1 d。

    [关键词] 空气污染;呼吸系统疾病;儿童;住院人数

    [中图分类号] R56          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0058-04

    Effect of air pollutant exposure on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases

    ZHOU Fang1   CUI Yuxia1   LIU Ye2   CHEN Heng3   ZHOU Hao1

    1.Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guiyang   550002, China; 2.Department of Otolaryngology, Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guiyang   550002, China; 3.College of Medical, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province, Guiyang   550025, China

    [Abstract] Objective To understand the impact of air pollutant exposure on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases. Methods The clinical data of pediatric hospitalized children for common respiratory diseases from January 2009 to December 2016 in Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital and air pollutant monitoring data at various environmental monitoring points in Guiyang City including:
    PM2.5, PM10, nitric oxide (NO) and the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were collected. A typical correlation analysis method was used to analyze the impact of air pollutants on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases. Results A total of 10 876 hospitalized children with respiratory diseases were included in the study, and the diagnosis was mainly bronchopneumonia (76.31%), with an average hospital stay (9.56±6.05) d. The correlation coefficient between air pollutants and bronchial pneumonia was the highest (r = 0.33, P < 0.001), followed by bronchitis (r = 0.21, P < 0.001) and acute tonsillitis (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). PM10 was the main air pollutant component that affected the number of children for common respiratory diseases. Air pollution one day before hospitalization had the greatest impact on the number of children for common respiratory diseases. Conclusion Ambient air pollutants can affect the number of children hospitalizations for common respiratory diseases, of which the number of hospitalizations for bronchopneumonia is the greatest. Among them, PM10 is the most common pollutant that affects the number of children hospitalizations for common respiratory diseases, and the largest effect is one day before hospitalization.

    本研究通过典型相关分析,大气污染物对支气管肺炎住院患儿数影响最大,其次为支气管炎和急性扁桃体炎。提示大气污染物可影响儿童呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数,且对不同呼吸系统疾病患儿数的影响存在差异。根据各种大气污染物的理化特性和儿童呼吸系统的生理特点,使下呼吸道及肺泡更容易受到大氣污染物的影响和侵害,这可能是与空气污染对儿童支气管肺炎的住院患儿数影响最大有关[11-13]。因此,减少儿童与大气污染物的接触有助于降低儿童支气管炎及肺炎等下呼吸道疾病的发病率。

    大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病患儿数的权重分布发现,不同大气污染物成分对呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响存在差异。这可能与污染物具有不同的理化性质相关。PM2.5和PM10因粒径小,可随气流进入下呼吸道,部分可达到肺泡,多次接触大气中的颗粒物会损害激活保护性Nrf2组织防御系统的能力[14-15],导致肺氧化损伤和全身炎症反应,促使儿童肺功能下降,引发急慢性支气管炎、肺炎等呼吸系统疾病。环境中NO通过诱导气道甲氧胆碱高反应性、抗原特异性IgG1和IgE、炎症性白细胞募集等促进气道变应性疾病的发生,其浓度与咳嗽、哮鸣、遗传性过敏性呼吸短促等症状存在关联[16-17]。而SO2水溶性较强,易被上呼吸道和支气管黏膜的黏液吸收,从而刺激气管或支气管收缩,增加气道阻力。此外,SO2还可与飘尘产生协同作用进而被吸附于微粒表面,进入呼吸道深部,吸入SO2可导致早期肺反应,包括组织损伤、急性嗜中性肺炎症和气道高反应性[11,18-19]。

    综上所述,通过分析空气污染物暴露对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响发现,空气污染对儿童常见呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的影响存在差异,对支气管肺炎的影响最大。PM10是导致儿童呼吸系统疾病的主要空气污染物成分,住院前1天的空气污染是影响呼吸系统疾病住院患儿数的主要原因。然而,本研究仅包含呼吸系统住院患儿病历资料,缺少门诊资料,导致受空气质量影响较大的支气管哮喘病例未纳入本研究,这将是下一步的研究方向。

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    (收稿日期:2020-03-05)

    相关热词搜索: 污染物 住院 患儿

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