我国城市群发展阶段划分、特征与开发模式

　 我国城市群发展的阶段划分、特征与开发模式

　　《现代城市研究》2009年第2期

　　摘要：城市群的发展阶段是研究城市群或城市群规划建设中首先需要搞清楚的一个问题。总结国内外学者划分城市群发展阶段的方法，借鉴生命成长规律，把城市群发展划分为四个阶段。在对城市群发展具有的共性特征进行阐述的基础上，对城市群不同发展阶段的量变与质变特征进行了综合表述。最后，为不同发展阶段的城市群提出了宜采取的开发模式。

　　20世纪90年代以来，我国21世1城市群发展的阶段划分

　　1870年以前）、城市间弱联1870—1920年），大都市1920—1950年）和1950年以1）：雏形发育阶段、快速发

　Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does not care about the well-being of the masses, the sense of responsibility is not strong, go to implement the policy of benefiting shrink, work style is simple and crude, falsifying false fraud and other issues. The village, community based organizations at the grass-roots level is mainly to solve the weak and feeble, and awareness and ability to serve the people is not strong, unjustly and other issues.Municipal Party committee, county leadership and leadership cadres targeted solution to stem from generation to generation theory of learning and learning, thinking and understanding of low low, non boundary is not clear, father-in-law private is not divided, the inner world of emptiness, ginseng in feudal superstition, values dislocation, justice back; keen to on the run, do not pay attention to down and down to earth, and improve the people's livelihood and not enough attention; the use of policy research, promote the development plan of thought is not clear, do not respect the objective laws of law, not to contact the local reality, to work on, Dianmianjiege, solve complex problems, a lot of ways; organization sense lax discipline Chi, eat Eat and drink, or hold, as the style is not enough to listen to the views of democracy, is not sufficient. The problems in county units directly under the needle to solve all departments, regardless of the immediate, regardless of the overall care, long far, problems encountered around, interests struggle, work obstruction, objective reasons to find on the level assigned by the office the task of top do not do, for people to do things for various reasons do not drag on the business policy; eat out, are not allowed to grasp the situation of grass-roots work, the standard is not high, but had to go, not for the hard life, I wish you work; accustomed to when the second pass hand, to implement the conference meeting, to document the implementation of documents, Mechanically, and mechanical operation, inspection and assessment of excessive and indiscriminate procedures too cumbersome, the service efficiency is not high; back to work late and leave early, off-site their labor does not contribute, work, play games, go to Taobao, do private affairs. Law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry for the solution of departmental interests first, set up the trap of consumption, and increase their cost, making things difficult for the masses, yuminzhengli; engage in selective enforcement, arbitrary enforcement, and does not give the benefits do not work, give the benefits of out of work, do human case, relations case, money case. Township. Street leadership and leading cadres have needle To solve the service consciousness is not strong, and waiting for the door, need to take the initiative to ask less, "day" phenomenon is serious, the masses who can not find work; don't respect people meaning will not pay attention to do ideological work, administrative work force, attitude toward the masses evil bad rebuked; awareness of the law and policy ideas is not strong, not in accordance with the law and legal procedures, arbitrary misappropriate by taking of project funds, to deceive the masses, and fool superior; the masses deduction of property, and the masses of money owed, on account, a bunch of problems depend, against the interests of the masses. The village, community organizations and so on have a needle to solve the ability to lead the masses out of poverty to get rich The policy is not strong, and is not in place, excellent affectionate friends and other issues.According to our actual County, county led the leadership and leading cadres to solve outstanding neglect of theoretical study, relaxed ideological uplifting, the transformation of the subjective world is not enough; the development of consciousness is not strong, the lack of a pioneering spirit of innovation and development of extension and planning work style, the starting point is not high; the work style of the wind drift, work strength is insufficient promote the working poor, pointing problem. Agatanoatae departments (units) to solve the conflict outstanding overall awareness is not strong, a unit of interests, to push and push, can avoid to be avoided, "buck" style of play; the wind is not practical, formalism, take office remote command, issue orders left and right; the development of service ability; On the higher level policy is not strong, don't eat thoroughly, grasp the information held to get large projects, good projects, not many democratic consciousness; indifferent Bo, autocratic, project implementation and financial management policy is not strict, not according to the provisions of the compression three funds, private, a "small exchequer" work, reception and public service vehicles to exceed the standard, Gongjusiyong, gongsibufen; discipline loose, fine depressed, apathetic, baggy collapse. Problems of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry to solve the standard process prominent light weight rights bureau, light duty, light service charge, regardless of weight, the global and the interests of the masses, not As slow as, as the chaos; are keen to shout slogans, slogans, really not good in service, and do practical things. Problems of Rural Township, street leading bodies and leading cadres to solve outstanding stem development consciousness is not strong, unclear thinking, with the current situation, progress, innovation consciousness is not strong. The work did not pick up, appearance change is the sense of purpose; desalination, not understanding of public opinion, not good at doing all the work of the masses, reflect some problems of setting aside, long failed; style is not democracy, serious paternalism, listen to different views, "What I say goes. Tang; hhrrc idle away in seeking pleasure and so on village. Community organizations and so on, but also highlight the fabric to solve the ideological concept of old concept, weak, lazy, too and, fighting force is not enough to play enough; lack of respect for the masses, work without principles, they enforced the policy breach of privilege, engage in "shrink aliasing," local policies, damage the interests of the masses;; the lack of sense of responsibility, avoid everything to hide things timid, occupied the position of secretary, shape useless work method; rough simple, engage in coercion, resort to deceit, and abuse of power, lawlessness and other issues. The school to highlight the occupation belief to solve read shake, the spirit of dedication is not enough, the lack of a noble. Desalination, realm, the status of the student body, the spirit of unremitting slack, satisfied with the existing level and achievement; school administrative management, value orientation of utilitarianism, than the performance to be better than the treatment, than fame, accepted by the parents a gift, education and teaching quality is not high, the reform of teaching and research ability is not strong; school behavior is not standardized, weight should try, light quality, disorderly enrollment, charges fees, arbitrary subscription supplementary information, not before class preparation, classroom lecture class disorderly mess, makeup, do not read homework, "" day "phenomenon. The problems in medical and health institutions to solve the outstanding health ethics is not high Yifeng is, dedication is not enough, The lack of a sense of responsibility, minor illnesses Dazhi, prescription; service, cumbersome procedures, registration fees, and the time of taking the medicine, long treatment time is short, efficiency is not high; treat patients face cold tone, gas blunt, arrogant, buck passing skin, the doctor-patient relationship is not harmonious; professional ability is not strong, service quality is not high, climbing competition prevailed; the spirit of low-spirited vibration, lax discipline, and post their income by kickbacks and envelopes, patients receiving home family banquets and other issues. The non-public economic group organization to resolve outstanding overall concept, social responsibility is not strong, law-abiding integrity consciousness about the production and operation, and service quality is not high; reform Development and upgrading of the reform is not active, internal management institutions are not scientific, major issues in decision-making democracy is not high degree of democracy, disregard of the interests of workers, job consumption is not standardized and other issues.Authorities at all levels and their subordinate units and grassroots organizations should focus on solving it organization slack, slack discipline problems. To deepen and expand the effectiveness of the storm action as an important content of various organs to carry out educational practice activities, continue to play well to improve the style of work, the transformation of government functions, optimizing the administrative environment, standardize administrative law enforcement act, the implementation of major responsibility "55 big battle" to further improve the service quality and administrative efficiency, establish a good image of good.(two) focus on solving the problem of the vital interests of the massesAdhere to the people convenience, in trying to force, according to the principle of cutting to protect and improve people's livelihood work, perfecting the social security system, and strive to improve the level of basic public service equalization etc., so that the people share more to enjoy the fruits of reform and development. The group to meet the needs of the masses, increase investment, product positive measures to do a number of large audience, benefit benefit deep practical good, strive to solve the masses of medical school, medical treatment, road, housing, employment and other aspects. On the surface, safeguard the interests of the masses, improve the implementation of the constraint system, and improve the cost of illegal, increase accountability accountability force Degree, efforts to solve the ecological environment, food and drug safety, production safety, social security, law enforcement and judicial law, land acquisition and other aspects of public interests. The damage to people around the urban and rural integration, and accelerate the pace of construction of small towns, counties and small towns to improve the road, water, electricity, heating, gas, housing etc. infrastructure, continue to do a good job of urban management, focusing on remediation litter, chaotic pendulum stalls, the vehicle vehicle parked. Around the help do poverty alleviation, push the "double" action "and" 1236 "anti poverty crucial action, with Gai Shanji and infrastructure to increase the income of the farmers as the focus, vigorously implement the whole force village and easily Poverty alleviation moving relocation project, cultivation of fruit, potatoes, livestock, vegetables, and other special industries, grasp the dynamic training of rural social assistance work in labour, and efforts to solve the problem of production and life of the poor vulnerable groups. Around the body construction of harmonious society, strengthen the communication with the masses sincerely, smooth mass appeal channels expression channels, do conflict investigation and the product to resolve the backlog work, maintain social stability, enhance the sense of security, improve the satisfaction degree, let the masses feel the social fairness and justice.(three) efforts to solve the problem of contact service masses "last mile"In order to strengthen the construction of service-oriented grassroots party organization as the starting point, focus on grasping the party building, to maintain stability, promote development, to further promote the vanguard of Hui Hui's people's livelihood, actions, and lay a solid foundation of innovation. The service of the masses organization party organization set up, take the mining village enterprises, the construction of "" multinational joint building "," regional construction "industry chain branch etc., continuous optimization of grassroots party organizations, Party organizations and expand the coverage of work covered. Grasp grasp leader team construction, conscientiously implement the provincial Party committee" on the further strengthening of the village Party Secretary team building meeting >, optimal selection with strong village leaders, and strengthen college-graduate village official (Village The Ministry of Education) and tracking management, focus on building a strong sense of service, service ability and strong team, grass-roots party organization Secretary style of service good. Do the development of Party member, strict entrance fall off ", implement the three class, public commitment, democratic appraisal education management system and give full play to vanguard role. As the service of the masses into the rich carrier, to further expand the" red flag terrace Kingdom party brand connotation, establish and perfect the whole villages and towns, streets and villages, community public service outlets, the implementation of the party organization and party commitment Jiannuo, twinning, window units and service industries such as instant evaluation price System, the full implementation of the "line of work", "public pipeline engineering", "five vanguard", the "party shifangang" star rating, a rating of the party, grassroots organizations to enhance service function and improve the service level. Security guarantee system, to establish a stable base group and basic public organization operation. Service fee funds safeguard mechanism, strengthen the village collective economic accumulation, promote human, money, material, further implement love and tilt to the grassroots, grassroots cadres policy, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the service of the masses, to ensure that all work, rich work, a chapter everything.Three, step by stepThe education practice is not phased, not to engage in the transfer section. To adhere to the problem oriented, adhere to educational practice and science, insist on learning while the investigation and reform, with the "five question five check 33 assessment" as the carrier, the education, the implementation of the rectification, the entire chapter formed, the masses comments throughout. The aspects of education practice activities work effectively with each other through.(a) learning education, listen to opinions1, deep into the thought of launch. The township units in the province to thoroughly understand the central and municipal spirit, God, listen to opinions based on, combined with the actual development of the implementation plan, and timely mobilization, unified thought, improve knowledge, carefully arranged to start the single unit of educational practice implementation case should be reported. The steering group audit checks. Together with the organization held a mobilization meeting, Party members and cadres do, subordinate units responsible person, invite some two members on behalf of a service object, and representatives of the masses, to guide the leadership style and team member status into comments.2,of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in Mulberry Grove, remains nowhere. Shen Wenchao, shengze town and Communist Party members. Intelligence efforts of the County Government, were buried alive at the age of 26 years old. Yu Ren Qian, jiaxing xincheng, and Communist

　Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does not care about the well-being of the masses, the sense of responsibility is not strong, go to implement the policy of benefiting shrink, work style is simple and crude, falsifying false fraud and other issues. The village, community based organizations at the grass-roots level is mainly to solve the weak and feeble, and awareness and ability to serve the people is not strong, unjustly and other issues.Municipal Party committee, county leadership and leadership cadres targeted solution to stem from generation to generation theory of learning and learning, thinking and understanding of low low, non boundary is not clear, father-in-law private is not divided, the inner world of emptiness, ginseng in feudal superstition, values dislocation, justice back; keen to on the run, do not pay attention to down and down to earth, and improve the people's livelihood and not enough attention; the use of policy research, promote the development plan of thought is not clear, do not respect the objective laws of law, not to contact the local reality, to work on, Dianmianjiege, solve complex problems, a lot of ways; organization sense lax discipline Chi, eat Eat and drink, or hold, as the style is not enough to listen to the views of democracy, is not sufficient. The problems in county units directly under the needle to solve all departments, regardless of the immediate, regardless of the overall care, long far, problems encountered around, interests struggle, work obstruction, objective reasons to find on the level assigned by the office the task of top do not do, for people to do things for various reasons do not drag on the business policy; eat out, are not allowed to grasp the situation of grass-roots work, the standard is not high, but had to go, not for the hard life, I wish you work; accustomed to when the second pass hand, to implement the conference meeting, to document the implementation of documents, Mechanically, and mechanical operation, inspection and assessment of excessive and indiscriminate procedures too cumbersome, the service efficiency is not high; back to work late and leave early, off-site their labor does not contribute, work, play games, go to Taobao, do private affairs. Law enforcement and supervision departments and window units